Vitamin D, Calcium, and Epidermal Differentiation

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tions in which a vitamin D supplement is desired. Although … The most striking characteristic of vitamin D deficiency. and of the vitamin D-resistant …

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0163-769x/93/1401-0003$03.00/0
Endocrine Reviews
Copyright 0 1993 by The Endocrine Society
Vol. 14, No. 1
Printed in U.S.A.
Vitamin D, Calcium, and Epidermal Differentiation*
DANIEL D. BIKLE AND SREEKUMAR PILLAI
Endocrine Research Unit (11 IN), VA Medical Center, UCSF Medical Services, 4150 Clement Street,
San Francisco, California 94121
I. Introduction
II. Cutaneous Production of Vitamin D
A. Historical perspective
B. Physiological regulation
C. Transport from skin to circulation
D. Clinical implications
III. Cutaneous Production of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
A. Metabolism of 250HD and identification of the
products
B. Hormonal regulation
C. Effects of differentiation
D. Regulation by cytokines
E. 1,25(OHhD production by transformed keratinocytes
F. Clinical implications
IV. Regulation of Keratinocyte Differentiation
A. The microanatomy of the epidermis
B. Regulators of growth and differentiation
1. Vitamin A
2. Cytokines and peptide growth factors
C. Calcium-regulated differentiation
1. Changes induced by the calcium switch
2. Mediators of the calcium switch
a. Intracellular calcium
b. Phosphoinositide products
c. Protein kinase C (PKC)
d. Calmodulin
D. 1,25(0H)2D-regulated differentiation
1. Changes induced by 1,25(OHhD
2. Mediators of 1,25(OH)*D
3. Interaction with calcium
4. Clinical implications
V. Conclusions…