Genetic Programming Tutorial. John R. Koza

Short Description
A Genetic Programming Tutorial. John R. Koza. 1. and Riccardo Poli. 2. 1. Stanford University, Stanford, California. 2. Department of Computer Science, …

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Content
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
A Genetic Programming Tutorial
John R. Koza1 and Riccardo Poli2
1Stanford University, Stanford, California
2Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, UK
Abstract: Genetic programming is a technique to automatically discover computer
programs using principles of Darwinian evolution. This chapter introduces the
basics of genetic programming. To make the material more suitable for
beginners, these are illustrated with an extensive example. In addition, the
chapter touches upon some of the more advanced variants of genetic
programming as well as its theoretical foundations. Numerous pointers to
further reading, software tools and Web sites are also provided.
Key words: Genetic programming, genetic algorithms, human-competitive machine
intelligence, machine learning, schema theory
1. INTRODUCTION
The goal of getting computers to automatically solve problems is central
to artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the broad area encompassed
by what Turing called “machine intelligence” (Turing 1948, 1950).
In his 1983 talk entitled “AI: Where It Has Been and Where It Is Going,
machine learning pioneer Arthur Samuel stated the main goal of the fields of
machine learning and artificial intelligence:
“[T]he aim [is] . to get machines to exhibit
behavior, which if done by humans, would…